William Shakespeare: Historical Interpretation #3

William Shakespeare: Historical Interpretation #3

 

Shakespeare certainly wrote his plays more than four hundred years ago. So how much should we reckon the past?

I have received a comment from under “A Frame of William Shakespeare's Life: Timeline”:

“Nothing. "Probably". "Would have". "Could have". Ridiculous myths, speculation and wishful thinking pawned off as biography. Nonsense. If you have evidence this man was a writer, please post it. We've been waiting for 400 years.”

As well as literature, I'm interested in history. I'd rather read and research about history. In fact, this comment touches on a good point to understand. Surely, history is a science. However, we need proof and documents to make history. Otherwise, we can't convince anyone of anything. In this context, most people believe that history is fiction. For instance, a historicist critic is someone who seeks to place a text in its context, revealing the embeddedness of, for example, Shakespeare's Macbeth in the witch-hunting mania of King James I's early reign. A historicist critic tries to understand a text by examining the time and place it was written, showing how, for example, Shakespeare's Macbeth reflects the widespread fear of witches during the early rule of King James I. (I will mention "New Historicism" that pertains to this issue). They might also conduct primary research in a historical archive, uncovering documents that shed new light on aspects of the text that readers removed by several centuries from its original publication could not previously see.

'The Enchanted Island Before the Cell of Prospero - Prospero, Miranda, Caliban and Ariel (Shakespeare, The Tempest, Act 1, Scene 2)', engraved after Henry Fuseli by Peter Simon

We know very little about the time between the birth of Hamnet and Judith Shakespeare, the twins, and the moment when Shakespeare is first mentioned in the theatre scene in London. This intervening period, often referred to as the lost years of Shakespeare, remains largely mysterious. However, it is certain that he somehow made his way from Stratford-upon-Avon to London. Whether he joined a traveling theatre company in need of an extra actor or fled due to trouble with a local landowner for poaching deer, remains unknown. Despite numerous stories circulating since the 18th century about why Shakespeare left Stratford, no concrete records exist from Shakespeare's lifetime or shortly after to clarify the circumstances surrounding his move to London with three young children and no clear career prospects. Nonetheless, Shakespeare did make this daring move and began establishing himself in the London world from the early 1590s onwards.

As a young boy, Shakespeare would have witnessed actors in Stratford-upon-Avon, as touring acting companies frequently visited the town. These companies would seek permission from the town's bailiff, the administrative leader, before performing. In 1569, when Shakespeare was five, this would have been his father. It's likely that permission was granted, and the first performance, known as the mayor's play, would have taken place. The mayor and his family were expected to attend, and even a curious 5-year-old Shakespeare might have witnessed his first play not far from where he grew up. Touring companies continued to visit Stratford, and in Shakespeare's early 20s, the renowned Queen's Men came to town. While we don't know what they performed, we do know that shortly before their visit, two of their actors were involved in a serious brawl, resulting in one fatality. This incident might have created an opportunity for Shakespeare to enter the professional theatre world, as the troupe may have been in need of additional talent. Thus, despite his humble origins as the son of a glover in Stratford, Shakespeare likely demonstrated enough promise to be recruited into the world of professional theatre.

Shakespeare's house, New Place, the Chapel and Grammar School, Stratford-on-Avon. From Samuel Ireland "Picturesque Views on the Upper or Warwickshire Avon"

Stephen Greenblatt describes the area we are currently in, on the south bank of the Thames in London, as a vibrant entertainment zone. People from different parts of the city would visit, knowing they had various activities to choose from. They could hire a boatman to ferry them across the river and then attend theaters like The Globe or The Swan. Alternatively, they could engage in other pastimes such as archery practice, visiting brothels, or patronizing taverns. Additionally, they could watch bull baiting and bear baiting exhibitions, where savage dogs attacked these animals, providing excitement for spectators. However, during the English Civil War, Puritan soldiers killed most of the bears, leading to the decline of this practice.

The area's history as the center of monasteries in the Middle Ages meant it had different legal arrangements from the rest of the city, allowing activities that the city authorities disapproved of but couldn't prevent. The city fathers had various concerns about the theatres, including traffic congestion, people skipping work, the potential for prostitution, and the spread of diseases like bubonic plague. Due to outbreaks of plague, the theatres would periodically be shut down until the death rates decreased. This caused economic difficulties for theatre companies, like Shakespeare's, who had to find ways to pass the time until the theatres reopened.

Stephen Greenblatt 

The Globe, where we're currently positioned, stands as the most renowned among England's grand amphitheatres during the late 16th and early 17th centuries. It emerged from a groundbreaking initiative in 1576 by James Burbage, a builder and entrepreneur originating from the carpentry trade. Burbage ventured to invest his resources in a groundbreaking endeavour: a purpose-built, freestanding theatre—an unprecedented concept not seen since late antiquity. This endeavour involved substantial risk capital, banking on the idea of attracting large audiences willing to pay upfront for entertainment, rather than relying on post-performance donations as customary in inn yards. The model operated on a system of admission fees, with patrons paying a penny for entry or more for premium seating, ensuring performers received their due applause after the show.

However, The Globe wasn't the sole venue for Shakespearean or contemporary playwrights' performances. Officially, acting as a profession was forbidden, categorized as vagrancy, and punishable by whipping. To circumvent this restriction, actors claimed to be servants of nobility or royalty, thus legitimizing their performances as entertainment for their employers. While court appearances provided prestige, theatres like The Globe and others generated the bulk of their revenue from ticket sales. Performances also took place at venues like the Inns of Court, and legal institutions in 16th-century London, with known productions of Shakespeare's works such as Comedy of Errors at Gray's Inn in 1594 and Twelfth Night at The Middle Temple in 1602. Additionally, plays were staged at universities like Oxford and Cambridge. The necessity for mobility was ingrained in theatre practice; companies had to adapt to closures due to plague outbreaks and relocate for various reasons, reflecting the transient nature of theatrical performances during Shakespeare's era and continuing into modern times.

The Great Depression and the Dust Bowl

Economic Despair and Environmental Disaster: The Great Depression and the Dust Bowl

The 1930s was a decade of unprecedented hardship for the United States. The country was reeling from the effects of the Great Depression, a severe economic downturn that left millions of people unemployed and struggling to make ends meet. To make matters worse, the Great Plains region was hit by a series of devastating dust storms known as the Dust Bowl, which further compounded the suffering of the American people.

I have completed studying The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck. Before publishing, I would like to touch on two significant events that have a crucial effect on the novel. Like other novels, The Grapes of Wrath is based on significant events. One of them is the Great Depression, and the other is the Dust Bowl. If you have not read the novel yet, you should definitely look into these events to fully comprehend the novel. They are also pivotal events in American history. In our class, we study both American history and American literature. Therefore, in this blog, I will examine these events and then discuss John Steinbeck's 'The Grapes of Wrath: A Tale of Hardship and Hope' in this context. I hope to provide some insights to help comprehend these events, which are significant in American history.

The Great Depression was triggered by the stock market crash of 1929, which sent the economy into a downward spiral. Banks failed, businesses closed, and unemployment soared to unprecedented levels. Families across the country found themselves struggling to survive, with many unable to afford even the most basic necessities. The government's response to the crisis was slow and ineffective, leaving millions of Americans to fend for themselves. Oklahoma was one of the regions that experienced disasters caused by the Dust Bowl and the Great Depression in a particularly adverse way; therefore, the author must have chosen it for this reason. As if the economic hardship wasn't enough, the Great Plains region was hit by a series of severe droughts in the 1930s. With much of the land already over-farmed and over-grazed, the topsoil became loose and vulnerable to erosion. When strong winds swept across the region, they picked up the dry, dusty soil and created massive dust storms that blotted out the sun and turned day into night. These dust storms not only destroyed crops and livestock but also caused widespread respiratory problems among the people living in the affected. As if the economic hardship wasn't enough, the Great Plains region was hit by a series of severe droughts in the 1930s. With much of the land already over-farmed and over-grazed, the topsoil became loose and vulnerable to erosion. When strong winds swept across the region, they picked up the dry, dusty soil and created massive dust storms that blotted out the sun and turned day into night. These dust storms not only destroyed crops and livestock but also caused widespread respiratory problems among the people living in the affected. In particular, from Texas, Arkansas, or Oklahoma, they were called Arkies and Okies, and they traveled to California because it offered a warm climate and undamaged agriculture. In response to the dual crises of the Great Depression and the Dust Bowl, President Franklin D. Roosevelt implemented a series of New Deal programs aimed at providing relief, recovery, and reform. These programs included public works projects to create jobs, financial reforms to stabilize the banking system, and agricultural programs to restore the fertility of the soil. While these efforts helped alleviate some of the suffering, it would take years for the country to fully recover from the devastation of the 1930s.

I have just mentioned the Great Depression. Now, I will strive to illuminate the Dust Bowl, which is a crucial period in American history. Indeed, there are plenty of examples, such as the Dust Bowl, that have influenced a country. No need to look far; last year in my country (Turkey), we experienced earthquakes of 7.8 and 7.7 magnitudes. Therefore, I understand how disasters can influence the future of a country and its people. In my next blog, I will be observing The Grapes of Wrath, where you will come across the effects of disaster from Steinbeck's perspective. Dust Bowl is a natural disaster that was one of the causes of the Great Depression.

The Dust Bowl along with uneven stock market crashes, was a natural disaster that contributed to the Great Depression. Due to this, a significant number of American citizens had to relocate to another part of the United States due to the loss of their homes and crops. In fact, American agriculture had already been in crisis before the Dust Bowl and the Great Depression. Therefore, United States government had to take precaution to save farmers. President Herbert Hoover reached out to Congress to establish the Federal Farm Board in order to stabilize prices by buying agricultural products from farmers on the open market. A successful Agricultural Marketing Act was passed in May 1929. Nevertheless, shortly after, the Farm Board ran out of money and could not provide financial support for American farmers, causing many to go bankrupt. In 1932, almost a third of farm estates—60 percent in South Dakota alone—were taken from their owners and later auctioned off.

During the worst year of the Dust Bowl, which was in 1938, more than 850 million of topsoil were ruined. Moreover, the dust destroyed people’s homes, clothing, furniture, and food. In short, this natural disaster caused damages to the crops and properties in the Great Plain parts, making it impossible to keep living there.

Kurfürstová, T. (2021). The Great Depression and working class in novels by John Steinbeck (Bachelor's thesis). Palacký University Olomouc, Faculty of Arts, Department of English and American Studies.

As a result, farmers had already begun to suffer. Although the Act appeared successful, the situation remained unclear. It became impossible to sustain the farmers, their crops, and their estates. 

The beginning of the Great Depression led to an increase in strikes organized by unions and the working class. Author George Rawick in his work Working-class Self-Activity (1983), which focuses on the struggles of American workers up to the 1970s, describes that “[i]n 1932 there were only 840 strikes; in 1933 there were 1,700; by 1936, 2,200; by 1937, 4,740; in 1938, only 2,500; in 1941, 4,000.” All the disasters and factors contributing to the Great Depression led to enormous unemployment within a few years, causing significant problems for American citizens. Due to unemployment, people experienced quiet desperation; no job meant no bread, which in turn meant no family, emotional turmoil, and deep-seated fears. However, I believe that hard times create strong people. Because of these disasters, people learned how to be union. Workers came together to organize strikes, and from those movements, unions were born. These unions eventually became powerful advocates for improving working conditions. In The Grapes of Wrath, I will examine deeper into these issues. So far, we've had a brief overview of the Great Depression and the Dust Bowl. I hope I've provided some clues to help you understand them better.

George Eliot: A Journey into 19th-Century British Literature

George Eliot: A Journey into 19th-Century British Literature

In this blog, I will continue studying 19th-century British novelists. In the previous entry, I introduced Charles Dickens, one of the most distinctive novelists of Victorian England. That entry does not include much detail because I plan to examine deeper into his novels, such as David Copperfield and Hard Times (which I am currently reading). After discussing Dickens' short biography and literary style, I will introduce George Eliot, another renowned novelist of the Victorian era.

Eliot, along with other British novelists, started writing novels at an early age. Her first novel, Adam Bede (1859), was a tremendously popular work, published when she was forty years old. I have mentioned that Dickens's depiction of characters in his novels reflects his personal experiences and relationships. Similarly, Eliot's characters' lives are viewed from the perspective of maturity and extensive experience. This perspective is further emphasized by her practice of setting her stories in the past, during her own childhood, or even earlier periods. For instance, in most of her novels, Eliot evokes a pre-industrial rural scene or the small-town life of the English Midlands. She views this setting with a combination of nostalgia and candid awareness of its limitations.

In her true identity as Marian Evans, she spent her early years at Arbury Farm, where her father Robert Evans served as the overseer and land agent. During her youth, Marian Evans (George Eliot) read extensively both in and out of school and was strongly influenced by Evangelism. Her mother's death led her to leave school at sixteen, and in the next few years, she experienced bouts of depression and self-doubt. Marian Evans' intellectual horizons were greatly expanded when she moved with her father to Coventry at the age of twenty-one. Because of her connections with a community of forward-thinking intellectuals and her own examination of theology, she reluctantly reached the conclusion that she could no longer adhere to the Christian faith. Her decision caused a painful rift with her father, which was eventually reconciled when she consented to accompany him to church as a formality. In return, he accepted that during these church visits, she was free to choose her own thoughts.

Marian Evans' deep inclination to theological matters aroused her to release her debut book in 1846, a translation of The Life of Jesus by D.F. Strauss, a prominent figure in the Higher Criticism movement in Germany. Modern research methods were used in this approach to test the historical authenticity of biblical narratives. Evans never stopped reading extensively in English and Continental philosophy throughout her life. Upon relocating to London in 1851 following her father's passing, Marian Evans' remarkable intellectual qualifications earned her the position of assistant editor at the Westminster Review, a prestigious scholarly journal formerly managed by John Stuart Mill. Marian Evans' time at the Westminster Review provided her with opportunities to engage with many notable writers and thinkers. One such individual was George Henry Lewes, a renowned critic of literature and philosophy, with whom she fell deeply in love. However, Lewes was already married and unable to obtain a divorce. Despite this obstacle, Evans made the decision to live with him as his common-law wife, and their relationship brought them both happiness until Lewes's passing in 1878. In her final year, Evans entered into marriage with J.W. Cross, a friend and admirer who eventually became her biographer.

Her decision to live with Lewes was not taken lightly, as she expressed:

"Light and easily broken ties are what I neither desire theoretically nor could live for practically. Women who are satisfied with such ties do not act as I have done—they obtain what they desire and are still invited to dinner."

Evans expresses her disdain for "light and easily broken ties," indicating her rejection of superficial or fleeting connections. She values deeper, more meaningful relationships that endure over time. Moreover, she expresses her disdain for "light and easily broken ties," indicating her rejection of superficial or fleeting connections. She values deeper, more meaningful relationships that endure over time. These choices, as depicted in works such as The Mill on the Floss (1860), are often fraught with painful dilemmas. Although she was familiar with fiction before, it was only after establishing her relationship with Lewes that she fully embraced this literary form. "Scenes from Clerical Life" was serialized in magazines in 1857 under a pen name that, except for Dickens, led most readers to assume the author was male—a misconception that both amused and satisfied Eliot. When Eliot began writing fiction, she and Lewes were reading to each other the novels of Jane Austen. Eliot's fiction is heavily influenced by Austen's, with its concern with provincial society, satire of human motives, and emphasis on courtship. There are no rules, which is why Eliot chose to write fiction rather than moral treatises. Eliot's characters are different from the novel of manners', but he brings a philosophical and psychological depth to these subjects. Eliot's fiction usually combines extensive philosophical meditation with a thorough examination of her characters' motives and feelings. 

She often compared herself not just to a historian, but also to a scientist who, like using a microscope, meticulously observes and analyses the intricate interplay of character and circumstance that shapes human history. These comparisons suggest Eliot's aim to present her fiction as a mirror reflecting our life experiences without distortion. However, her insistence on art's transparency is frequently challenged by her awareness of its fictitious nature and by her understanding of how our shared egoism distorts our perceptions. Eliot's claim to be a historian suggests that her novels will provide significant insight into contemporary issues. Eliot seems sympathetic to a feminist point of view. George Eliot wrote, "My function is that of the aesthetic, not the doctrinal, teacher." The impressive vision that allows Eliot to look into the consciousness of all her characters renders the perspective of her novels on many issues complex. Ultimately, it is the way these issues are refracted through the lens of human character that captivates her interest.

Once the good and the truth disappear, everything is permitted. Beauty is hardly an afterthought. This critique depends oddly on assumptions that are both cynical and reactionary. Namely, that people only believe in behaving morally out of hope for heaven and fear of hell or fire.

For Eliot, few things could be more inimical to morality. In her sarcastic early essay on the religious poet Young, she wrote:

“It is quite possible that you would be a knave and love yourself alone, were it not for your belief in immortality, but you are not to force on me what would result from your own utter want of moral emotion. If you feel no motive to common morality but your fear of a criminal bar in heaven, you're decidedly a man for the police on earth to keep their eye on.' Since it's a matter of worldly experience, the fear of distant consequences is a very insufficient barrier against the rush of immediate desire.”

She is quietly young, known. As well as it's an incredibly scathing thing to write. From Eliot's perspective, anyone who is motivated to be decent solely by traditional religion is driven not by morality but by desire and fear. The implication, spelled out in her later work, is clear: few of us possess the kind of criminal mentality that can only be restrained by a vision of the torments of the damned. However common it may be to claim today that nothing truly moves us besides desire and fear. Few of us actually behave that way in practice, our motives for everything, as Elliott shows, are usually mixed. Eliot deeply believes that the majority of human beings possess natural moral sentiments. However, it is just as natural for us to disregard these sentiments with clever rationalizations when other interests intervene. In truth, we feel sorrow and pity for others' suffering and, occasionally, even gladness for others' joy. There are plenty of studies from primatology to social psychology that demonstrate this. Eliot's work is too rich to be reduced to any single theme or thought. Her works have mythological reverberations, yet they are expanded by her commitment to realism, which obscures myths entirely. More importantly, she maintains a constant awareness of one central truth: the world is not mindful of us. She observes that examining the world to find a constellation is very much like looking carefully over the pages of a great book to find our own name.

To sum up, her remarkable talent and insight are the reason why George Eliot's legacy in literature is enduring. She sets herself apart as an exceptional writer by her ability to explore the complexities of human nature, while simultaneously incorporating mythological elements and staying committed to realism. Her works encourage us to contemplate our place in the world by reminding us of the profound truths of existence. Through our continued engagement with her novels, essays, and observations, we gain a deeper understanding of the human condition and the timeless relevance of her storytelling. One of the most influential voices in literary history, George Eliot continues to enrich our lives and inspire readers around the world through her contributions to literature.

Dystopian Dilemmas: A Comparative Analysis of 'Brave New World' and '1984'

Dystopian Dilemmas: A Comparative Analysis of 'Brave New World' and '1984' 

Recently, I have studied dystopian novels, I was a bit biased against dystopian works at first… When it comes to dystopian literature, two novels stand out as timeless classics: Aldous Huxley's "Brave New World" and George Orwell's "1984." Previous comparing, I have studied Fahrenheit 451 and 1984. Today, we study Brave New World which is written by Aldous Huxley. In this blog post, I will analyze Brave New World; compare and contrast 1984 two seminal works, exploring their themes, characters, and overall impact on the literary world. I have already published a blog that pertains to 1984 by George Orwell. Before reading a novel, I am going to mention the historical background of the Brave New World. 

a)   The Rise of Totalitarian Regimes

During the early 20th century, totalitarian regimes were on the rise, particularly in Europe. Fascist Italy under Mussolini, Nazi Germany under Hitler, and the Soviet Union under Stalin were prominent examples. These regimes emphasized strict control over all aspects of life, extensive use of propaganda, and suppression of dissent. Huxley's dystopian vision reflects concerns about the loss of individual freedoms and the impact of authoritarian governance.

b)   The Aftermath of World War I

World War I (1914-1918) had a profound impact on society, leading to widespread disillusionment and questioning of traditional values. The war's devastation and the resulting economic and social upheaval contributed to a sense of pessimism and a desire for stability and order. Huxley explores the idea of a society that sacrifices individual freedoms and emotional depth for the sake of stability and superficial happiness.

c)    Advances in Science and Technology

The early 20th century saw rapid advancements in science and technology, which had a profound impact on society. The development of mass production, the rise of consumer culture, and innovations in medicine and psychology were transforming everyday life. Huxley was particularly interested in the implications of these advancements for human society. In his novel, he imagines a future where technology is used to control and manipulate people, from genetic engineering to psychological conditioning. 

d)   The Influence of Utopian and Dystopian Literature

Huxley was influenced by earlier works of utopian and dystopian literature. H.G. Wells, for instance, was a significant influence, known for his optimistic visions of the future and his belief in the power of science and reason to improve society. However, Huxley's perspective is more pessimistic, reflecting his concerns about the potential misuse of scientific and technological advancements.

e)   Personal Background

Aldous Huxley came from a prominent intellectual family. His grandfather, Thomas Henry Huxley, was a famous biologist and advocate of Darwin's theory of evolution. His brother, Julian Huxley, was a leading biologist and an advocate of eugenics. Aldous Huxley himself had a keen interest in science and its impact on society, which is evident in the scientific and technological themes explored in "Brave New World."

Our novel was shaped by the rise of totalitarian regimes, the aftermath of World War I, advances in science and technology, the economic and social turmoil of the Great Depression, and the intellectual currents of the period, including the eugenics movement. Through his novel, Huxley offers a cautionary tale about the potential dangers of sacrificing individual freedoms and human authenticity for the sake of technological progress and social stability.

Both books paint a bleak picture of the future, but they do so in very different ways "Brave New World," published in 1932, is set in a futuristic society where people are engineered and conditioned to fit into specific social classes. The novel explores themes of consumerism, conformity, and the dangers of a totalitarian state. Our novel is set in a futuristic world where society is highly controlled and stratified. The World State, the central government, uses advanced technology and psychological conditioning to maintain social stability and prevent conflict. 

There are Society and Control Mechanisms in the novel like 1984. We also come across Genetic Engineering and Caste System. The society in "Brave New World" is divided into a rigid caste system, ranging from Alphas (the intellectual elite) to Epsilons (the menial laborers). Each caste is genetically engineered and conditioned from birth to fit its predetermined role. Genetic engineering ensures that members of each caste are physically and mentally suited for their designated tasks. Alphas are intelligent and capable, while Epsilons are deliberately stunted in development to prevent dissatisfaction with their menial roles.

Comparing the key characters from Aldous Huxley's "Brave New World" and George Orwell's "1984."

       I.            Protagonists

Bernard Marx ("Brave New World") & Winston Smith ("1984")

a)   Bernard Marx:

• Role: Bernard is an Alpha Plus psychologist who feels alienated in the World State due to his physical stature and his dissatisfaction with society’s superficial pleasures and conformity.
• Characteristics: Alienated and Discontent: Bernard feels out of place and is critical of the World State’s lack of individuality and genuine human connections.
• Insecure and Selfish: His feelings of inadequacy lead him to seek validation and acceptance, often resulting in hypocritical behavior.
• Rebellious Yet Opportunistic: Bernard initially rebels against societal norms but often vacillates when his rebellion puts him in a favorable position.
• Thematic Purpose: Bernard represents the struggle between individuality and societal conformity. His character illustrates the limitations of personal rebellion in a deeply conditioned society.

b)   Winston Smith

• Role: Winston is a low-ranking member of the Party in Oceania who becomes disillusioned with the oppressive regime and seeks to rebel against Big Brother.
• Characteristics: Intelligent and Reflective: Winston is deeply thoughtful and yearns for truth and freedom, constantly questioning the Party’s propaganda.
• Courageous but Vulnerable: Despite knowing the risks, he pursues a forbidden relationship and attempts to join the resistance, demonstrating both bravery and fragility.
• Tragic and Determined: His ultimate capture and reprogramming highlight the tragic futility of individual rebellion against a totalitarian state.
• Thematic Purpose: Winston embodies the human desire for freedom and truth in the face of overwhelming oppression. His character highlights the brutal effectiveness of totalitarian control and the destruction of personal integrity.

 

  II.            Love Interests

Lenina Crowne ("Brave New World") vs. Julia ("1984") 

a)   Lenina Crowne

• Role: Lenina is a Beta worker in the Hatchery and Conditioning Centre. She represents the ideal World State citizen who follows societal norms without question.
• Characteristics: Conformist and Superficial: Lenina enjoys the pleasures of the World State, such as soma and casual sex, without questioning their deeper implications.
• Attractive and Conventional: She is physically attractive and fully conditioned to value appearance and social status.
• Curious but Limited: Although she occasionally shows curiosity about Bernard’s and John’s different perspectives, she ultimately remains bound by her conditioning.
• Thematic Purpose: Lenina’s character highlights the effectiveness of the World State’s conditioning and the superficial nature of its happiness. Her interactions with Bernard and John reveal the shallow underpinnings of societal stability.

b)   Julia:

• Role: Julia is a Party member who becomes Winston’s lover and fellow rebel against Big Brother.
• Characteristics: Rebellious and Pragmatic: Julia is practical in her rebellion, seeking personal pleasure and small acts of defiance rather than ideological revolution.
• Passionate and Resourceful: She is passionate in her relationship with Winston and adept at evading the Party’s surveillance for their clandestine meetings.
• Disillusioned but Realistic: While she shares Winston’s disdain for the Party, she is more focused on living in the moment than on grand ideals.
• Thematic Purpose: Julia represents a more pragmatic form of rebellion, contrasting with Winston’s ideological struggle. Her character emphasizes the personal and human aspects of resistance within an oppressive system.

     III.            Authority Figures

Mustapha Mond ("Brave New World") vs. O’Brien ("1984")

a)   Mustapha Mond

• Role: Mustapha Mond is one of the World Controllers who governs the World State and upholds its principles.
• Characteristics: Intelligent and Rational: Mond is highly intelligent and fully aware of the sacrifices made for societal stability, including the suppression of science, art, and religion.
• Philosophical and Pragmatic: He understands and explains the rationale behind the World State’s policies, believing that societal happiness justifies the loss of individual freedoms.
• Benevolent Dictator: Mond’s demeanor is calm and authoritative, presenting a facade of benevolence while maintaining strict control.
• Thematic Purpose: Mustapha Mond serves as the voice of the World State’s ideology, providing a rationale for the society’s structure and the suppression of individuality. His character explores the ethical implications of sacrificing personal freedoms for the greater good. 

b)   O’Brien

• Role: O’Brien is a high-ranking member of the Inner Party who deceives Winston into believing he is part of the resistance, only to betray him.
• Characteristics: Manipulative and Cunning: O’Brien uses psychological manipulation to gain Winston’s trust and then brutally reprograms him to obey the Party.
• Sadistic and Authoritative: He takes pleasure in breaking Winston’s spirit, showcasing the Party’s absolute power over individuals.
• Ideologically Zealous: O’Brien is deeply committed to the Party’s doctrine and the perpetuation of its control.
• Thematic Purpose: O’Brien represents the terrifying power and ruthlessness of the totalitarian state. His character underscores the themes of betrayal, control, and the eradication of individual thought.

     IV.            Outsiders

John the Savage ("Brave New World") vs. Emmanuel Goldstein ("1984")

a)   John the Savage

• Role: John is the son of World State citizens but was raised on a Savage Reservation, making him an outsider in both worlds.
• Characteristics: Culturally Dislocated: John is well-versed in Shakespeare and traditional values, which clash with the World State’s norms.
• Idealistic and Moralistic: He holds strong moral beliefs and desires genuine human connections, which he finds lacking in the World State.
• Tragic and Alienated: His inability to reconcile his values with the World State’s artificiality leads to his ultimate despair and tragic death.
• Thematic Purpose: John’s character highlights the clash between natural human emotions and the engineered happiness of the World State. His tragedy underscores the dehumanizing effects of a society that prioritizes stability over individuality.

b)   Emmanuel Goldstein

• Role: Though Goldstein never appears directly in "1984," he is the supposed leader of the Brotherhood, a resistance movement against the Party.
• Characteristics: Symbolic Rebel: Goldstein represents the concept of rebellion and dissent within the Party’s narrative, though his actual existence is ambiguous.
• Theoretical Enemy: The Party uses Goldstein as a scapegoat to justify its repressive measures and unify citizens against a common enemy.
• Invisible Influence: His book, "The Theory and Practice of Oligarchical Collectivism," outlines the principles of totalitarian control and serves as a catalyst for Winston’s intellectual rebellion.
• Thematic Purpose: Goldstein’s character serves as a crucial element in the Party’s control strategy, representing both the possibility of resistance and the manipulation of truth. His theoretical presence highlights the Party’s ability to control both reality and opposition.

To sum up, both "Brave New World" and "1984" use their main characters - protagonists, love interests, authority figures, and outsiders - to explore themes of control, individuality, and societal stability. While Bernard Marx and Winston Smith both challenge their oppressive societies, their approaches and fates differ, reflecting the distinct control methods in each world. Lenina Crowne and Julia represent different aspects of conformity and rebellion, while Mustapha Mond and O'Brien embody the ideological justifications and brutal enforcement of their respective regimes. John the Savage and Emmanuel Goldstein, as outsiders, provide critical perspectives on the societies they challenge, highlighting the consequences of totalitarian control and the complexities of resistance.

Themes

Brave New World and 1984 explore themes of control, individuality, and the manipulation of truth, but they approach these themes from different perspective. Brave New World depicts a society where control is maintained through pleasure, conditioning, and the suppression of deep emotions, leading to a superficially happy but fundamentally hollow existence. On the other hand, 1984 portrays a society where control is exerted through fear, surveillance, and the brutal repression of individuality and free thought, resulting in a stark and oppressive reality. Both novels serve as powerful warnings about the potential dangers of totalitarianism and the loss of personal freedoms.

     I.            Control and Totalitarianism

a)    Brave New World

Soft Control through Pleasure: The World State maintains control by providing constant pleasure and satisfaction to its citizens. The use of the drug soma, promiscuity, and consumerism keeps people content and prevents dissent. Control is maintained through psychological conditioning from birth, ensuring that individuals conform to societal norms without resistance.

Absence of Conflict: The society eliminates conflict by eradicating family structures, deep emotions, and personal ambitions. The elimination of these potential sources of discontent ensures a stable and harmonious society.

b)   1984

Hard Control through Fear: The Party exerts control through fear, surveillance, and brutal repression. The omnipresent Big Brother, Thought Police, and constant surveillance ensure that any form of dissent is detected and crushed. Torture and reeducation are used to break the will of rebels and enforce loyalty.

Manufactured Enemies: The Party maintains control by creating constant external and internal enemies. The perpetual war and the figure of Goldstein as an enemy of the state keep the populace in a state of fear and dependence on the Party for protection.

 

     II.            Surveillance and Privacy

a)    Brave New World

Minimal Surveillance: Direct surveillance is minimal because societal conditioning and the constant provision of pleasure eliminate the need for strict monitoring. People are self-policing because they are conditioned to conform.

Psychological Conditioning: Surveillance in the World State is more psychological than physical. People are conditioned to accept and even love their place in society, making them unlikely to rebel or even think of dissent.

b)   1984

Total Surveillance: Surveillance is pervasive and intrusive, with telescreens in every home and public space monitoring citizens constantly. The Thought Police are always watching for any signs of rebellion, even in people's facial expressions or dreams.

Violation of Privacy: Privacy is nonexistent. The Party seeks to control not just actions but thoughts, ensuring that even the innermost thoughts of individuals are aligned with Party doctrine.

     III.            Individuality vs. Conformity

a)    Brave New World:

Suppression of Individuality: Individuality is suppressed through genetic engineering and conditioning. Each person is designed and conditioned to fit into a specific caste and role, ensuring that they are happy with their predetermined place in society.

Artificial Happiness: Personal desires and ambitions are redirected towards consumption and shallow pleasures, making deep individual expression unnecessary and even undesirable.

b)   1984

Eradication of Individual Thought: The Party seeks to eradicate individuality by controlling thoughts and rewriting history. Newspeak, the language designed to eliminate rebellious thoughts, is a key tool in this process.

Repression and Conformity: Individuality is a threat to the Party, and anyone exhibiting individualistic behavior is swiftly repressed. Conformity is enforced through fear, indoctrination, and the destruction of personal connections.

 

     IV.            Truth and Reality

a)    Brave New World

Manipulation of Truth: Truth is manipulated through the control of information and the suppression of science and intellectual inquiry. The population is kept ignorant of any alternative ways of living.

Shallow Reality: The reality presented to citizens is one of superficial pleasures and consumerism, with no encouragement to seek deeper truths or meanings.

b)   1984

Control of Reality: The Party controls reality through the manipulation of facts and history. The Ministry of Truth constantly rewrites records to fit the Party’s current narrative, ensuring that the Party is always seen as infallible.

Doublethink: The concept of doublethink allows citizens to accept contradictory beliefs simultaneously, further controlling their perception of reality.

 

    V.            Emotion and Human Connection

a)    Brave New World:

Shallow Relationships: Deep emotions and personal connections are discouraged. Relationships are superficial, and promiscuity is encouraged to prevent emotional bonds from forming.

Conditioned Responses: People are conditioned to avoid deep feelings and to rely on soma to eliminate any discomfort or emotional pain.

b)   1984

Forbidden Love: Deep personal connections, like the love between Winston and Julia, are forbidden and seen as rebellious acts. The Party seeks to ensure that loyalty is only to Big Brother.

Destruction of Trust: The Party destroys trust by encouraging citizens to spy on each other, including family members, thus preventing the formation of strong personal bonds.

     VI.            Freedom and Oppression

a)    Brave New World

Illusion of Freedom: Citizens believe they are free because they can indulge in endless pleasures and are conditioned to want what they have. However, this is an illusion, as their choices and desires are all manipulated.

Contented Oppression: Oppression is masked by the satisfaction of desires, making citizens willingly accept their lack of true freedom.

b)   1984

Visible Oppression: Oppression is overt and brutal. Citizens are acutely aware of the Party’s control and live in constant fear of repression and punishment.

Struggle for Freedom: Winston’s rebellion represents the struggle for true freedom against the Party’s absolute control, even though it ultimately ends in failure and reindoctrination.

      VII.            Technology and Control

Surveillance Technology vs. Biological and Psychological Engineering

a)   1984

Technology is used primarily for surveillance and propaganda. The government monitors every aspect of citizens' lives, ensuring conformity through fear. The manipulation of information and historical records ensures that the Party's narrative remains unchallenged.

b)    Brave New World

Technology is used to control the biological and psychological aspects of individuals. Genetic engineering ensures a rigid caste system, and conditioning from a young age ensures that people accept their place in society. Technological advancements are used to eliminate pain, conflict, and dissatisfaction, maintaining societal order through artificial means. 

Symbol and Allegory

• Both "Brave New World" and "1984" use symbols and allegories to deepen their critiques of dystopian societies. In Brave New World, symbols like soma, Ford, and the Savage Reservation illustrate the dangers of consumerism, technological control, and the loss of human values. Allegories such as the Christian narrative and Plato's cave emphasize the conflict between enlightenment and ignorance.

• In "1984," symbols like Big Brother, telescreens, and Newspeak underscore the totalitarian regime's control over reality and individuality. Allegories relating to political oppression and religious extremism highlight the perils of absolute power and the erasure of personal freedom. Both novels use these literary devices to warn against the potential future consequences of contemporary societal trends.

Brave New World

      I.            Symbols 

a)    Soma

• Symbol: Soma represents the use of instant gratification and superficial happiness to control the population.

• Interpretation: It symbolizes the way society numbs its citizens to maintain order, preventing them from experiencing deep emotions or questioning their reality.

 

b)   Ford

• Symbol: Henry Ford is deified in the World State, and his principles of mass production and consumerism are foundational to the society.

• Interpretation: Ford symbolizes the ultimate triumph of industrialism and consumerism over individuality and spirituality. The society's calendar even starts with the birth of Ford, highlighting the centrality of these values.

 

c)    The Feelies

• Symbol: The feelies are movies that provide physical sensations to the audience, offering a heightened form of escapism.

• Interpretation: They symbolize the extreme of sensory and entertainment consumption that distracts people from reality and critical thinking.

d)   The Savage Reservation

• Symbol: The reservation contrasts sharply with the World State, representing a place where traditional human values and natural living persist.

• Interpretation: It symbolizes the raw and unconditioned aspects of humanity, highlighting the artificiality and moral emptiness of the World State.

 

     II.            Allegories

a)    The Allegory of the Cave (Plato)

• Application: John the Savage’s experience mirrors Plato’s allegory where he sees the reality of the World State and its citizens living in shadows of truth.

• Interpretation: John’s struggle to reconcile his beliefs with the artificial world around him reflects the conflict between enlightenment and ignorance.

b)    Christian Allegory

• Application: John the Savage’s life can be seen as a Christ-like allegory. He is born outside the 'paradise' of the World State, brings a message of deeper human values, and ultimately sacrifices himself.

• Interpretation: John’s purity and suffering underscore the novel’s critique of a society that sacrifices human dignity and spirituality for comfort and control.

Dystopic Elements

Dystopian literature explores fictional societies characterized by oppressive social control and the illusion of a perfect society. Both Brave New World by Aldous Huxley and 1984 by George Orwell are quintessential examples of dystopian fiction, each presenting unique dystopian elements that critique contemporary societal trends.

           I.            Technological Control

• Genetic Engineering: Humans are genetically engineered and conditioned from birth to fit into predetermined roles in society. The Hatchery and Conditioning Centre produces individuals in different castes with specific abilities and intelligence levels. 

• Psychological Manipulation: Conditioning techniques, including hypnopaedia (sleep teaching), are used to instill societal norms and values. This ensures that individuals conform to their roles without question. 

• Soma: The widespread use of the drug soma keeps the population placid and content. It eliminates pain and discomfort, preventing rebellion or dissatisfaction.

 

   II.            Suppression of Individuality

• Uniformity and Conformity: Individuality is discouraged, and people are conditioned to prioritize the collective over the personal. Clothing, behavior, and thinking are homogenized to ensure societal stability.

• Consumerism: The society promotes constant consumption as a means to maintain economic stability and distract people from existential questions or desires for personal growth.

 

III.            Control of Information and History

• Censorship and Propaganda: The World State controls information and discourages independent thinking. Literature, art, and historical knowledge are either banned or heavily censored to prevent subversive thoughts.

 

IV.            Dehumanization

• Elimination of Family and Love: The traditional family structure is abolished, and relationships are shallow and devoid of genuine emotional connection. Promiscuity is encouraged, and emotional bonds are seen as destabilizing. 

• Pavlovian Conditioning: Human responses are conditioned to be automatic and unthinking, reducing individuals to mere functionaries within the societal machine.

 

   V.            Illusion of Happiness

• Artificial Happiness: The society promotes the illusion of happiness through constant pleasure and entertainment. However, this happiness is shallow and devoid of deeper meaning or fulfillment.

• Escapism: Citizens use soma, engage in superficial relationships, and participate in distractions like the feelies to escape any form of discomfort or dissatisfaction.
  

 

      I.            Methods of Control

a)   Brave New World

Pleasure and Comfort: Control is maintained through the provision of constant pleasure and comfort. The use of the drug soma, the encouragement of promiscuity, and the promotion of consumerism keep people content and distracted.

Psychological Conditioning: From birth, individuals are conditioned through hypnopaedia (sleep-teaching) and other psychological methods to accept their roles and conform to societal norms without question.

Genetic Engineering: People are genetically engineered to fit into specific castes, ensuring that everyone is physically and mentally suited to their predetermined roles in society.

b)   1984

Fear and Repression: The Party controls the population through fear, brutal repression, and constant surveillance. The Thought Police, telescreens, and public executions instill fear and ensure obedience.

Manipulation of Truth and Reality: The Party constantly rewrites history and uses propaganda to control the narrative. Newspeak limits the range of thought, and doublethink allows citizens to accept contradictory beliefs.

Psychological Manipulation: Torture and reeducation are used to force individuals to conform to Party ideology. Room 101, where prisoners face their worst fears, is the ultimate tool of psychological control.

 

 II.            Societal Structure

a)   Brave New World

Class Stratification: Society is divided into a rigid caste system (Alphas, Betas, Gammas, Deltas, and Epsilons), with each caste designed for specific functions and conditioned to be content with their status.

No Family Units: Traditional family structures are abolished. Children are created and raised by the state, and relationships are shallow and devoid of emotional depth.

Consumerism and Leisure: The society is highly consumerist, and people are encouraged to indulge in leisure activities and consume products to maintain economic stability and personal satisfaction.

b)   1984

Party Hierarchy: Society is divided into the Inner Party, the Outer Party, and the Proles. The Inner Party holds the most power, the Outer Party is controlled and monitored, and the Proles live in relative ignorance and poverty.

Family as a Surveillance Tool: Families exist, but they are used as tools of control. Children are indoctrinated and encouraged to spy on their parents, creating an atmosphere of distrust and fear.

Poverty and Scarcity: The society is characterized by poverty and scarcity. The Party controls resources and keeps the population in a state of deprivation to ensure dependence and obedience.

III.          Technology and Its Use

a)   Brave New World

Advanced Technology for Comfort: Technology is advanced and used to provide comfort, pleasure, and convenience. From genetic engineering to the widespread use of soma, technology ensures a content and compliant populace.

Minimal Surveillance: Direct surveillance is minimal because psychological conditioning and the provision of pleasure effectively control the population.

b)  1984

Advanced Technology for Surveillance: Technology is advanced primarily in the realm of surveillance. Telescreens, hidden microphones, and other monitoring devices ensure that the Party can watch and control every aspect of citizens’ lives.

Weaponized Technology: Technology is also used for repression and warfare, maintaining a constant state of fear and control.

IV.            Themes and Messages

a)   Brave New World

The Dangers of Pleasure and Consumerism: The novel warns against the dangers of a society obsessed with pleasure, consumerism, and superficial happiness, where genuine human values and individuality are sacrificed.

The Loss of Individuality: Huxley critiques a world where individuality is suppressed through genetic engineering and conditioning, leading to a loss of personal identity and autonomy.

b)   1984

The Dangers of Totalitarianism: Orwell’s novel is a stark warning against the dangers of totalitarianism, highlighting how absolute power corrupts and leads to the complete control and dehumanization of society.

Manipulation of Truth: The novel explores the manipulation of truth and reality by authoritarian regimes, showing how control over information and language can suppress dissent and free thought.

  V.            Tone and Atmosphere

a)   Brave New World

Superficially Utopian: The tone is initially light and superficially utopian, with an emphasis on pleasure and stability. However, this facade masks a deep underlying emptiness and lack of meaning.

Irony and Satire: Huxley uses irony and satire to critique contemporary societal trends, making the reader question the true cost of a seemingly perfect society.

b)   1984

Bleak and Oppressive: The tone is dark, bleak, and oppressive from the start. The pervasive fear and despair highlight the brutal reality of life under a totalitarian regime.

Serious and Foreboding: Orwell’s narrative is serious and foreboding, emphasizing the severe consequences of unchecked political power and the loss of personal freedoms.

While both novels depict oppressive regimes that strip away individual freedom, they differ in their methods of control and the ultimate goals of the government. Brave New World presents a society that is kept in check through hedonism and distraction, while 1984 depicts a society that is kept in line through fear and manipulation. Despite these differences, both novels serve as cautionary tales about the dangers of unchecked government power and the erosion of individual liberty. In conclusion, Brave New World and 1984 present distinct yet complementary visions of dystopia, offering valuable insights into the nature of power, technology, and human nature. While Huxley's novel emphasizes the seductive allure of pleasure and conformity, Orwell's work highlights the insidious nature of surveillance and fear. Together, they serve as powerful reminders of the importance of safeguarding individual freedom and resisting oppressive forces. As we navigate an increasingly complex and uncertain world, the lessons imparted by these timeless classics remain as relevant as ever.