The Origins of Drama: Greek Theatre

 The Origins of Drama: Greek Theatre

 

We can say that Greek dramas are a source of inspiration for world theatre. Then, where did drama come from? We will delve into the fascinating history of drama, tracing its roots back to ancient rituals and exploring its evolution into the dynamic form of entertainment we know today. Drama emerged as a ritualistic practice in ancient civilizations. The origins of drama can be traced back to religious ceremonies and festivals held by the ancient Greeks, the ancient Greeks are often credited with the birth of drama. They held religious festivals called Dionysia, dedicated to the god Dionysus (god of wine and procreation), where theatrical performances were an essential component. These performances, known as tragedies or comedies, were staged in open-air amphitheatre and explored various themes of human existence. Dramas often focused on the interactions between gods and humans. Thespis was the first actor who performed around 534BC. Every year, the Greeks dedicated three separate week-long festivals to the dramatization of their stories. These festivals were held in March, January, and at different times throughout the year.

 

Aristotle’s Definition of Tragedy

According to Aristotle, the plot is the most crucial element of a tragedy. He emphasized that a well-structured plot must have a beginning, middle, and end, with a clear cause-and-effect chain. Aristotle believed that the characters in a tragedy should be morally complex and display both good and bad qualities. He emphasized the importance of character development throughout the play, with protagonists experiencing a reversal of fortune due to their own tragic flaws. The concept of morally complex characters is a cornerstone of modern storytelling. By creating protagonists with flaws and inner conflicts, playwrights can achieve greater audience engagement and evoke empathy in their viewers.

 

The Structure of Greek Tragedies

1.      The Prologue [opening scene]

2.      The Parados [first of the Chorus’s lyric songs]

3.      A regular alternation of scenes in Dialogue and Choral Odes

4.      The Exodos [concluding scene]

 

a)    Anagnorisis

Anagnorisis is a term used in literary analysis to refer to the moment of recognition or discovery in a play or narrative. It is when a character realizes an important truth or gains a new understanding about themselves, another character, or the situation they are in. Anagnorisis often leads to a significant change in the plot or the character's actions.

 

b)    Antagonist

In a Greek play, the antagonist refers to the primary adversary of the protagonist, who is the central character.

 

c)     Catharsis

Catharsis is a concept in psychology and literature referring to the release of emotional tension or purging of emotions. It is often associated with the idea of experiencing relief or purification through the expression or experiencing of strong emotions, such as fear, sadness, or anger. The term "catharsis" originated from ancient Greek philosophy and was further developed by Aristotle in his theory of tragedy, where he proposed that watching tragic plays could provide a cathartic experience for the audience. In modern psychology, catharsis is sometimes seen as a therapeutic process that allows individuals to confront and process their emotions in a healthy and constructive manner.

 

d)    Trilogy

A trilogy consists of three plays centred around a common subject or theme. The first play in this trilogy is "Oedipus the King," followed by "Oedipus at Colonus" and "Antigone," which focuses on Oedipus' daughter.

 

e)     Satire

Satire is a literary technique that uses humor, irony, or sarcasm to criticize or ridicule human vices, follies, or societal issues. It is often employed to draw attention to flaws or shortcomings in individuals, institutions, or society as a whole. Satire can take various forms, such as in literature, drama, film, or even political cartoons.

 

f)      Prologue / Prologos

The Prologue, also known as Prologos, is an introductory section that appears at the beginning of a play. It sets the stage for the story, provides background information, and introduces the main characters and their motivations.

 

g)    Peripateia

Peripateia refers to a sudden reversal of fortune or a turning point in a story. It is often used in dramatic or literary works to create tension and propel the plot forward.

 

h)    Hubris

Hubris is excessive pride or self-confidence, often leading to downfall or a loss of perspective. It can be dangerous and detrimental to one's character and relationships.

The sin of pride was deemed as a serious offense, as it focused excessively on personal desires, neglecting the needs of the state and putting the well-being of the community at risk.

 

i)       Hamartia

Hamartia is a term that refers to a flaw or error in judgment exhibited by the main character of a Greek tragedy. The word "hamartia" is derived from the Greek word "hamartanein" which means to make a mistake or to err. The first known usage of this term can be found in Aristotle's work, The Poetics.

 

j)      Dramatic Irony

Dramatic irony occurs when a character is unaware or fails to comprehend something that is clear to the audience. For instance, Oedipus was unaware early on of what the audience knew: that he was married to his own mother, Jocasta. 

 

k)     Chorus

The chorus in Greek tragedies was an integral part of the theatrical experience and contributed to the overall impact of the plays. They were a group of performers who sang and danced together. The chorus provided commentary on the events of the play and expressed the collective emotions of the community. They often interacted with the main characters and offered advice or warnings. The chorus also helped to set the mood and atmosphere of the play through their music and movements. Their presence added a religious and ritualistic aspect to the performances.

 

l)       Fate vs. Destiny

The conflict between Fate and Destiny is a common theme in tragedies, where characters strive to defy predictions that are not in their favour. Yet, this struggle proves to be fruitless, as humans rarely possess the ability or fortune to alter their predetermined fate, which is controlled by cosmic forces or deities.

 

 

A CLASSIC GREEK TRAGEDY CONSISTS OF:

PROLOGUE

PARADOS

SCENE 1 (EPISODE 1)- action

ODE 1 (STASIMON 1)- chorus

SCENE 2 (EPISODE 2) - action

ODE 2 (STASIMON 2) - chorus

SCENE 3 (EPISODE 3) - action

ODE 3 (STASIMON 3) - chorus

SCENE 4 (EPISODE 4) - action

ODE 4 (STASIMON 4) - chorus

EXODUS

 

Sophocles and Greek Drama

Sophocles' impact on Greek drama cannot be overstated. Through his innovative storytelling techniques, deep exploration of complex characters, and profound exploration of moral dilemmas, he elevated theatre to new heights. His plays continue to be performed around the world, reminding us of the timeless power of Greek drama and its enduring relevance in modern society.

One of Sophocles' most well-known contributions to Greek drama is his trilogy of plays known as the Theban plays: "Oedipus Rex," "Oedipus at Colonus," and "Antigone." These plays revolve around the mythical city of Thebes and explore themes of fate, free will, and moral responsibility.

·         "Oedipus Rex": This play tells the tragic story of Oedipus, a king who unknowingly fulfills a prophecy by killing his father and marrying his mother. It is a powerful exploration of the human condition and the consequences of unchecked pride.

·         "Oedipus at Colonus": The second play in the trilogy focuses on Oedipus' later years as he seeks redemption and forgiveness. It delves into themes of aging, family bonds, and the power of forgiveness.

·         "Antigone": In this final play, Sophocles explores the conflict between divine law and human law through the character of Antigone. She defies King Creon's orders and buries her brother, leading to a tragic chain of events. "Antigone" raises questions about morality, justice, and the limits of power.

 

a)      Sophocles surprised Athenians by:

Winning first prize for tragedy at the festival of Dionysus, beating Aeschylus.

b)     Who was Aeschylus?

The leading playwright of the time (think Steven Speilberg)

c)      How many tragedies did Sophocles write?

He wrote more than 120 tragedies… only 7 still survive today.

d)     What was Sophocles concerned about?

He was concerned with the individual’s need to find his/her place in the world within the existing moral/cosmic order.

Moral lessons against too much pride and religious indifference.

e)      What did Sophocles add to Greek drama?

A third actor (originally two- used masks)

Painted sets

Larger chorus (from 12 to 15 members)

 

Characteristics of a Tragic Hero

Tragic heroes have been a recurring theme in literature for centuries, captivating readers with their complex and flawed nature. The concept of a tragic hero originated in ancient Greek dramas, with Aristotle providing a framework to define and understand these characters. A tragic hero is a protagonist who possesses certain traits that lead to their downfall. These characters are typically of high status or noble birth, possessing admirable qualities and potential for greatness. However, they are flawed in some way, often due to their hubris or excessive pride. This flaw, known as the "hamartia," becomes the catalyst for their tragic fate.

 

Conclusion

Greek drama and theatre stand as a testament to the artistic prowess and cultural significance of ancient Greece. From its humble origins in religious rituals to its evolution into a sophisticated theatrical tradition, Greek drama continues to captivate audiences worldwide. By understanding its historical context, key elements, and enduring legacy, we gain a deeper appreciation for an art form that has stood the test of time.