The Spread of Communism: Cuba, China, and the Building of the Eastern Bloc

In our current section, we are turning our focus outside of Europe to examine the spread of communism. When we say communism, there are certain countries that naturally come to mind: Russia, China, Cuba, and North Korea, of course. We have already covered the situation of the Russians, meaning the Soviet Union, in our earlier blocks. Now, we will shift our attention to Cuba. Together, we will see how the impact of the Cuban Revolution continues to be felt in the times we live in and even today.

The Spread of Communism Beyond Europe

When we look at the most significant points where communism took root outside of Europe, the Cuban Revolution is the first to emerge. This grueling process, which began with the Moncada Barracks attack on July 26, 1953, culminated on January 1, 1959, when the dictator Batista was overthrown and the rebels led by Fidel Castro and Che Guevara seized power. With this revolution, Cuba became the greatest bastion of communism right under America's nose. Today, despite the end of the Cold War and the passing of its historic leaders, Cuba remains one of the few single-party socialist states in the world. Although the island nation, which has survived over half a century of suffocating US embargos, has slowly begun to open its doors to private enterprise in recent years, the anti-imperialist spirit and symbols of the revolution continue to shape its identity even today.

The biggest fracture on the Asian continent occurred with the Chinese Revolution. Following a bloody civil war that stretched from 1927 and included the famous “Long March” of 1934, communism achieved a decisive victory in this massive geography when Mao Zedong proclaimed the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949. However, fast forward to the present day, China has transformed Mao's strictly closed economic doctrines into a brand-new model it calls “socialism with Chinese characteristics.” While unshakeably maintaining the absolute political authority of the Communist Party, China has integrated into the global capitalist market to become the world's second-largest economy. Today, China stands as the US’s greatest geopolitical and technological rival of the 21st century, acting as the primary force bringing the world to the brink of a “New Cold War.”

A similar communist wind blew across the Korean Peninsula. Communists led by Kim Il-sung founded the Workers' Party of Korea in 1946, and on August 25, 1948, the Democratic People's Republic was declared in North Korea. However, following the Korean War that broke out in 1950, the country was permanently divided in two along the 38th parallel; North Korea embraced communism, while South Korea adopted democracy.  

This border remains the most concrete and tragic, still-bleeding scar of the Cold War today. While South Korea has transformed into a global technology, automotive, and pop culture (K-Pop) giant, North Korea remains the world's most isolated totalitarian state under the absolute dictatorship of the Kim dynasty. North Korea's nuclear weapons program is the greatest indicator that the Cold War tension of that era is still actively continuing today at the 38th parallel.

The Construction of the Eastern Bloc

Actually, at this point, let's steer our course back to the mainstream and continue with how the Eastern Bloc was institutionalized.

The Marshall Plan, aimed by the US at economically rebuilding Europe, was defined by the Soviet Union as a “tool of American imperialism.” To counter this plan and strengthen political ties among communist countries, the Cominform (Communist Information Bureau) was established on October 5, 1947, with the participation of the communist parties of the USSR, Poland, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Hungary, Yugoslavia, France, and Italy. Although presented ostensibly as a step against the Marshall Plan, the true purpose of the Cominform was to coordinate the European communist movement and to take over the functions of the Third International (Comintern), which had been dissolved during World War II.

Another major step taken by the Eastern Bloc against the economic manoeuvres of the West was Comecon (Council for Mutual Economic Assistance). Founded on January 25, 1949, to support the political framework of the Cominform with economic power, the primary objectives of this organization were to prepare plans based on specialization and cooperation for the economic development of socialist countries, to direct the production and distribution of raw materials, and to collaborate on scientific and technical research.

The Military Shield of the Eastern Bloc: The Warsaw Pact (May 14, 1955)

The most crucial move that completed the military and political umbrella of the Eastern Bloc was the Warsaw Pact. It was established on May 14, 1955, by the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, East Germany, and Albania (Albania would later withdraw from the pact in 1968). Its purpose was to counter the establishment of NATO by the Western Bloc and to realize mutual defence and cooperation among the Eastern Bloc countries. In short, it took shape against the growing threat of war in Europe following West Germany's admission into NATO and the establishment of the Western European Union, serving as the Eastern Bloc's equivalent to the role the US played in NATO.

Features and Rules of the Warsaw Pact

The main features of this military and political alliance are as follows:

• Members will consult each other on all international issues concerning their common interests.
• The highest political organ of the pact is the “Political Consultative Committee.”
• Members will not enter into any international engagements or undertake any initiatives that contradict the objectives of this alliance.
• The parties will act in a spirit of friendship toward one another, taking their economic and cultural relations to further dimensions.
• This treaty is open to the participation of all other states, regardless of their social and political systems.
• The treaty will be valid for 20 years. If no desire to terminate the agreement is expressed one year before the end of the term, it will be extended for another 10 years.
• If a general European pact planning common security among European countries comes into effect, the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact may be considered.

Up to this point, we have covered the spread of communism beyond Europe and how communism was institutionally solidified among the Eastern Bloc countries. We have thus clarified the Eastern front of that famous bipolar world. We will continue to examine the other critical developments of the Cold War and the responses on the Western front in our third block.

A World Reborn: The New Order After World War II and the Dawn of the Cold War (part v)

When the six-year-long World War II, which literally turned the world into ruins, finally came to an end, it left behind destroyed cities as well as a brand-new world where borders, ideologies, and balances of power were completely altered.

When the six-year-long World War II finally came to an end, it left behind destroyed cities as well as a brand-new world with completely altered borders, ideologies, and power balances. As oppressive totalitarian regimes like Nazism and Fascism were swept into the dustbin of history, democracy gained massive momentum worldwide. Germany, having lost the war, was split into “East” and “West” by the Allies, becoming the greatest symbol of the approaching new era. Taking advantage of the weakening of war-torn European states, many colonial countries ignited their independence struggles, while the old multipolar world order was replaced by a bipolar world centred around the USA and the Soviet Union (USSR).

With the establishment of NATO in 1949 against Soviet expansionism and the USSR’s response with the Warsaw Pact in 1955, the world plunged into the long Cold War Era, a time devoid of hot conflicts but under constant nuclear threat. As humanity irreversibly stepped into the nuclear age with the first use of the atomic bomb, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) was established by 45 countries to rebuild the global economy. The horrific crimes against humanity committed during the war were legally recognized as “genocide” for the first time, and with the convention adopted in 1948, these crimes formed the foundation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. 

After the League of Nations failed to protect the world from a new war, a much stronger organization, the United Nations (UN), was established in 1945. Tasked with maintaining post-war peace and order, the UN consists of main organs with distinct functions. The General Assembly, where all member states are represented with an equal vote, serves as the core decision-making unit, while the Security Council, where the USA, Britain, China, France, and Russia are permanent members with veto power, acts as the executive branch. The organization's other fundamental pillars include the Economic and Social Council, the International Court of Justice comprising 15 judges, the Trusteeship Council overseeing non-self-governing territories, and the Secretariat providing the administrative infrastructure. 

The UN has resolved political crises as well as established a massive global network reaching from education and health to agriculture and refugee issues through dozens of specialized agencies like FAO, WHO, UNESCO, UNICEF, and the ILO, as well as peacekeeping forces deployed across various regions of the world.

We have reached the end of that great catastrophe, World War II, which we have been tracing step by step on series for weeks; as we leave behind the dictatorships born from the despair of the Great Depression, the betrayals at diplomatic tables, the tank treads crushing Europe, and the terrifying nuclear mushroom clouds, we witness a world emerging from the rubble to enter a brand-new phase controlled by two colossal superpowers. The silencing of the guns did not mean the war was completely over; it had changed form, shifting from a world where armies clashed on front lines to a sinister era where spies fought in the shadows, the space race tore through the skies.

In the next stop of our series, we will step into the Cold War years, a silent, profound, and massive game of chess stretching from the Truman Doctrine to the Berlin Wall and the Cuban Missile Crisis, until then, stay in peace!